Argentine validation of the Consideration of Future Consequences Scale (CFC-14) / Validación argentina de la escala de Consideración de las Consecuencias Futuras (CFC-14)

Abstract Consideration of future consequences is the extent to which people anticipate and are influenced by the potential future consequences of their current behavior. A well-established tool to measure this behavior is the 14-item Consideration of Future Consequences Scale (CFC-14). The CFC-14 has shown appropriate psychometric properties in several languages. This scale comprises two factors: the CFC-Immediate (CFC-I, 7 items) and the CFC-Future (CFC-F, 7 items). The main goal of this study was to assess the psychometric properties and internal consistency of the CFC-14 Scale in Spanish, using an Argentine sample. A second goal was to determine its convergent validity with impulsivity, and determine differences and invariance across gender and age groups. Using a web-based survey, data were collected from 512 participants (75.2% women) aged 13-74 years (M = 30.8). CFA showed a two-factor model as the best solution for the 13-items version (CFI .961, TLI .952, RMSEA .064 90%IC .054/.074, WRMR 0.979). Standardized regression weights (p ≤ .05) ranged from .50 to .66 for CFC-F and between .43 and .83 for CFC-I. Composite reliability was also adequate: CFC-F achieved p = .80 and CFC-I p = .82. There were no differences across gender and age, but there was a progressive invariance between these groups. The CFC-F and UPPS-P subscales correlations were negative and significant, highlighting the negative and moderate correlation between CFC-F and the lack of premeditation (r=-.41). Thus, CFC-14 has adequate psychometric properties in an Argentine population, although more studies are necessary to determine the robustness of these findings.

Resumen La consideración de las consecuencias futuras se define como el grado en el cual las personas anticipan y son influenciadas por las potenciales consecuencias futuras de su comportamiento actual, y una herramienta muy utilizada para medirla es la Escala de Consideración de las Consecuencias Futuras (CFC-14). Esta escala ha exhibido propiedades psicométricas adecuadas en varios idiomas y se encuentra conformada por dos factores: CFC-Inmediato (CFC-I, 7 ítems) y CFC-Futuro (CFC-F, 7 ítems). El objetivo principal de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas y la consistencia interna de la versión en español de la CFC-14 en una muestra argentina, además de identificar las evidencias de validez convergente con la Escala de Impulsividad y la invarianza en función del género y la edad de los participantes. Para esto, se evaluó mediante una encuesta online a 512 participantes (75.2 % mujeres) de 13 a 74 años (M = 30.8) y se realizó un AFC en el que se encontró un modelo de dos factores como aquel con mejor ajuste para una versión de la escala de 13 ítems (CFI = .961; TLI = .952; RMSEA = .064; IC 90 % = .054-.074; WRMR = 0.979). Específicamente, los pesos de regresión estandarizados (p ≤ .05) fueron de .50 a .66 para CFC-F y de .43 a .83 para CFC-I; los valores de confiabilidad compuesta fueron adecuados, con un p = .80 para CFC-F y un p = .82 para CFC-I; no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en función del sexo y la edad de los participantes, no obstante, hubo una invarianza progresiva entre estos grupos; y las correlaciones entre las subescalas de la Escala de Impulsividad (UPPPS-P) y la CFC-F fueron negativas y significativas, siendo llamativa la correlación negativa y moderada entre la falta de premeditación y la CFC-F (r = -.41). De este modo, la CFC-14 mostró propiedades psicométricas adecuadas en una muestra argentina, aunque se necesita de más estudios para determinar la robustez de estos resultados.

LATEMO-E: A Film Database to Elicit Discrete Emotions and Evaluate Emotional Dimensions in Latin-Americans / LATEMO-E: Banco de Dados de Filmes para Suscitar Emoções e Avaliar Dimensões Emocionais para Latino-Americanos / LATEMO-E: Set de Fragmentos de Películas para Inducir Emociones y Evaluar Dimensiones Emocionales en Latinoamericanos

Abstract Introduction: Film clips are the most used stimuli to induce different emotional states. Objective: Identify, select, and evaluate a set of film clips according to dimensionality and discreteness of emotions. Film experts suggested 437 fragments, but only 70 met the criteria to be included in the LATEMO-E film-clip database. Study 1: The 70 film clips were tested for their ability to induce disgust, anger, fear, sadness, amusement, tenderness, and neutral (n = 147 participants; mean age = 20.64 years, SD ±2.21 years). Results: A total of 28 film clips presented adequate scores on intensity and discreteness. Study 2: A total of 28 selected film clips were assessed again in a new sample of 106 participants (mean age = 20.96 years, SD ±2.45 years). Results: Anger and amusement film clips were the most extreme in the valence and activation dimensions. Anger and fear film clips were the most extreme categories in the intensity, certainty, and control dimensions. Conclusions: These stimuli were useful for inducing emotional states that can be judged from both the dimensional perspective of emotions and the basic emotions perspective. Evoked emotions could be differentiated according to cognitive patterns of evaluation that guide behavior in response to emotional stimulation.

Resumo Introdução: os clipes são os estímulos mais utilizados para induzir diferentes estados emocionais. Objetivo: identificar, selecionar e avaliar um conjunto de clipes de filme de acordo com a discrição e dimensionalidade da emoção. 437 fragmentos foram sugeridos por especialistas em filmes, mas 70 atenderam aos criterios de inclusão em um banco de dados de filmes. Estudo 1: os 70 clipes foram testados em sua capacidade de induzir: nojo, raiva, medo, tristeza, diversão, ternura e neutro (N = 147 participantes; M = 20,64; DP ±2,21). Resultados: 28 clipes apresentaram escores adequados de intensidade e discrição. Estudo 2: 28 clipes selecionados foram reavaliados em uma nova amostra de 106 participantes (M = 20,96; DP ±2,45). Resultados: os clipes de raiva e diversão foram os mais extremos nas dimensões de valência e ativação. Clips de raiva e medo foram as categorias mais extremas nos indicadores de intensidade, certeza e controle. Conclusões: os estímulos foram úteis para induzir estados emocionais que podem ser julgados tanto pela perspectiva dimensional das emoções quanto pela perspectiva básica das emoções. Além disso, as emoções evocadas são diferenciadas de acordo com os padrões cognitivos de avaliação que guiam o comportamento em resposta à estimulação emocional.

Resumen Introducción: los fragmentos de películas están entre los estímulos más usados para inducir distintos estados emocionales. Objetivo: identificar, seleccionar y evaluar un set de fragmentos de películas según la discreción y la dimensionalidad de la emoción. Expertos en cine sugirieron 437 fragmentos, pero solo 70 fueron identificados como aquellos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión en un set de fragmentos de películas. Estudio 1: los 70 fragmentos fueron evaluados en su capacidad para inducir: asco, ira, miedo, tristeza, diversión, ternura y neutro (N = 147 participantes; M = 20.64; DE ±2.21). Resultados: 28 fragmentos presentaron puntuaciones adecuadas en intensidad y discreción. Estudio 2: los 28 fragmentos fueron reevaluados en una nueva muestra de 106 participantes (M = 20.96, DE ±2.45). Resultados: los fragmentos de ira y diversión fueron los más extremos en las dimensiones valencia y activación. Ira y miedo fueron las categorías más extremas en los indicadores intensidad, certeza y control. Conclusiones: los estímulos resultaron útiles para inducir estados emocionales que pueden ser juzgados desde la perspectiva dimensional de las emociones, así como desde el enfoque de las emociones básicas. Además, las emociones provocadas se diferencian en función de patrones cognitivos de evaluación que guían la conducta en respuesta al estímulo emocional.

Evaluación de validez convergente y discriminante en tests computarizados de toma de decisiones / Avaliação da validade convergente e discriminante em testes computadorizados da tomada de decisões / Assessment of convergent and discriminant validity in computerized decision-making tests

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la validez convergente y discriminante entre tests de impulsividad, funcionamiento ejecutivo, toma de decisiones (TD) con y sin componente emocional y de TD centrado en el agente. Mediante un diseño instrumental, se evaluaron 217 participantes (64,5% mujeres) entre 18 y 30 años de edad (M=23,22, ±2,44). El Análisis de Componentes Principales mostró 4 componentes que explicaron el 83,88% de la varianza y agruparon los tests de acuerdo a lo esperado. Además, el estudio de las correlaciones mostró que los tests de TD verídica fueron levemente correlacionados, sugiriendo convergencia parcial entre ellas. No se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre los tests de TD verídica y los tests de TD centrados en el agente, función ejecutiva e impulsividad. Los resultados coincidieron con las expectativas y con los estudios previos sobre el tema. (AU)

Avaliação da Validade Convergente e Discriminante em Testes Computadorizados da Tomada de Decisões O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a validade convergente e discriminante entre testes de impulsividade, de funcionamento executivo, de tomada de decisão (TD) com e sem componente emocional e de TD focada no agente. Através de um desenho Instrumental, foram avaliados 217 participantes (64,5% mulheres) entre 18 e 30 anos (M=23,22 ± 2,44). A Análise de Componentes Principais mostrou quatro componentes que explicaram 83,88% de variância e agrupo os testes como foi esperado. Além disso, o estudo das correlações mostra que os testes da TD verdadeira foram fracamente correlacionados, sugerindo convergência parcial entre elas. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre os testes da TD verdadeira e os testes da TD com foco no agente, função executiva e impulsividade. Os resultados coincidem com as expectativas e com estudos prévios sobre o assunto. (AU)

The objective of this study was to analyze the convergent and discriminant validity between impulsivity, executive functioning, and decision-making (DM) tests with and without emotional component and and agent centered DM. Through an Instrumental design, 217 participants were evaluated, 64.5% women, between 18 and 30 years of age (M=23.22 ± 2.44). The Principal Component Analysis showed four components that explained 83.88% of variance and grouped the tests as expected. In addition, the correlation study shows that the true DM tests were poorly correlated, suggesting partial convergence between them. No significant correlations were found between true DM testing and DM testing with agent focus, executive function and impulsivity. The results coincide with expectations and previous studies on the subject, (AU)

Evaluación de validez convergente y discriminante en tests computarizados de toma de decisiones / Avaliação da Validade Convergente e Discriminante em Testes Computadorizados da Tomada de Decisões / Assessment of convergent and discriminant validity in computerized decision-making tests

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la validez convergente y discriminante entre tests de impulsividad, funcionamiento ejecutivo, toma de decisiones (TD) con y sin componente emocional y de TD centrado en el agente. Mediante un diseño instrumental, se evaluaron 217 participantes (64,5% mujeres) entre 18 y 30 años de edad (M= 23,22, ±2,44). El Análisis de Componentes Principales mostró 4 componentes que explicaron el 83,88% de la varianza y agruparon los tests de acuerdo a lo esperado. Además, el estudio de las correlaciones mostró que los tests de TD verídica fueron levemente correlacionados, sugiriendo convergencia parcial entre ellas. No se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre los tests de TD verídica y los tests de TD centrado en el agente, función ejecutiva e impulsividad. Los resultados coincidieron con las expectativas y con los estudios previos sobre el tema.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a validade convergente e discriminante entre testes de impulsividade, de funcionamento executivo, de tomada de decisão (TD) com e sem componente emocional e de TD focada no agente. Através de um desenho Instrumental, foram avaliados 217 participantes (64,5% mulheres) entre 18 e 30 anos (M = 23,22 ± 2,44). A Análise de Componentes Principais mostrou quatro componentes que explicaram 83,88% de variância e agrupo os testes como foi esperado. Além disso, o estudo das correlações mostra que os testes da TD verdadeira foram fracamente correlacionados, sugerindo convergência parcial entre elas. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre os testes da TD verdadeira e os testes da TD com foco no agente, função executiva e impulsividade. Os resultados coincidem com as expectativas e com estudos prévios sobre o assunto.

The objective of this study was to analyze the convergent and discriminant validity between impulsivity, executive functioning, and decision-making (DM) tests with and without emotional component and with agent-centered DM. Through an Instrumental design, 217 participants were evaluated, 64.5% women, between 18 and 30 years of age (M = 23.22 ± 2.44). The Principal Component Analysis showed four components that explained 83.88% of variance and grouped the tests as expected. In addition, the correlation study shows that the true DM tests were poorly correlated, suggesting partial convergence between them. No significant correlations were found between true DM testing and DM testing with agent focus, executive function and impulsivity. The results coincide with expectations and previous studies on the subject.

Emociones, toma de decisiones y consumo de alcohol en jóvenes universitarios / Emotions, decision making and alcohol consumption in university students

Según la hipótesis del marcador somático, la toma de decisiones resulta adaptativa cuando los procesos emocionales se integran a la actividad cognitiva. La primacía del sistema afectivo sobre el control cognitivo en los jóvenes se relaciona con una toma de decisiones en función de la gratificación inmediata, sin tener en cuenta posibles consecuencias perjudiciales futuras. El consumo intensivo de alcohol, muy frecuente en los jóvenes, se asocia a una acrecentada toma de decisiones desadaptativa. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la toma de decisiones en jóvenes de ambos sexos consumidores moderados e intensivos de alcohol, según el tipo de inducción emocional a la que fueron expuestos. Mediante un diseño factorial con pre-y postest, se estudió la toma de decisiones en 79 participantes de 18 a 29 años, antes y después de la inducción emocional positiva o negativa. Para evaluar la toma de decisiones, se administraron las pruebas Iowa Gambling Task y Cognitive Bias Task. Para inducir emociones se utilizaron fragmentos de películas. Además, se registró la frecuencia cardíaca durante la experimentación. Como resultado, se encontró que las mujeres inducidas negativamente y los hombres inducidos positivamente obtuvieron peor rendimiento en la Iowa Gambling Task. La frecuencia cardíaca disminuyó durante las sesiones experimentales respecto del periodo basal. Los consumidores intensivos tuvieron peor rendimiento en la Cognitive Bias Task respecto de los consumidores moderados. Se concluye que la experiencia emocional y el tipo de consumo de alcohol influyen sobre la toma de decisiones en los jóvenes universitarios.

According to the somatic marker hypothesis, decision-making is adaptive when emotional processes are integrated into cognitive activity. The primacy of the affective system over cognitive control in young people is related to decision making based on instant gratification, regardless of eventual future harmful consequences. Binge alcohol consumption -very common in young people- is associated with an increased maladaptive decision making. The aim of this study was to evaluate decision making in young people of both sexes who are moderate and binge alcohol consumers, according to the type of emotional induction to which they have been exposed. Using a cross-over design, decision making was assessed in 79 participants aged 18 to 29, before and after the positive or negative emotional induction. The Iowa Gambling Task and the Cognitive Bias Task were administered in order to evaluate decision making. Emotions were induced using film clips. Heart rate was also recorded during the procedure. As a result, women negatively induced and men positively induced achieved a worse performance on the Iowa Gambling Task. Heart rate decreased compared to baseline during the experimental sessions. Binge drinkers had a worse performance compared to a moderate performance in the Cognitive Bias Task. It is concluded that emotional experience and the type of alcohol consumption influence decision making in university students.

Características de la experiencia emocional inducida mediante fragmentos de películas en una muestra de jóvenes argentinos / Characteristics of the emotional experience induced by film clips in a sample of argentinian youngs

Debido al interés actual en la relación entre emoción y cognición, ha surgido la necesidad de contar con técnicas confiables de inducción emocional. Uno de los procedimientos más utilizados para el estudio experimental de la experiencia emocional es la inducción de emociones mediante fragmentos de películas. El objetivo del estudio que se informa fue conocer las características subjetivas y objetivas de la respuesta emocional ante estímulos audiovisuales inductores de emociones positivas y negativas, en una muestra de jóvenes argentinos. Se seleccionaron 20 fragmentos de películas (10 de valencia positiva y 10 de valencia negativa). La muestra estuvo integrada por 81 participantes (44 mujeres) de 18 a 25 años (M = 21.20 ±2.57). La respuesta emocional subjetiva se evaluó con el Self-Assessment Manikin (Bradley & Lang, 1994) y la objetiva, registrando la frecuencia cardíaca. La valencia, la activación y el control correlacionaron en la mayoría de los fragmentos. Además, hombres y mujeres presentan una reactividad diferenciada a la valencia de los estímulos, dado que las mujeres fueron más sensibles a los estímulos negativos (mutilaciones y animales amenazantes) y los hombres, a los estímulos positivos (contenido erótico y cómico). Por último, la inducción emocional se mantuvo aproximadamente 30 minutos después de finalizada la presentación de los estímulos para los videos de valencia negativa y 15 minutos para los de valencia positiva. Se concluye que la investigación realizada constituye un aporte al estudio de las medidas subjetivas de la emoción y las características de la experiencia emocional en función del tiempo y del sexo de quienes la experimentan.

Developments since the mid-twentieth century in the research of emotion and the growing interest in its interaction with cognition have generated the need for reliable emotional induction techniques. The efforts made in recent years to carry out the standardization of film clips capable of inducing emotion stand are remarkable. With this, these methodological resources are widely chosen by researchers to study emotional processes. The aims of the research were: (1) to assess valence, arousal, dominance (subjective measures) and cardiac frequency (objective measure) in relation with positive and negative emotions induced by film clips, (2) to determine how long the emotional induction remained active after the presentation of audio visual stimuli, and (3) to evaluate whether there are sex differences in emotional experience, subjectively and objectively, induced by film clips. 81 college students (44 women) from 18 to 25-years-old of Córdoba (Argentina) were evaluated. The average age was 21.20 (SD: ± 2.57). The sample was finally composed by 81 participants for not meeting certain requirements to conform. The evaluation was performed individually in a room equipped for that purpose. Each participant watched 10 film clips of positive or negative valence. Participants evaluated valence, arousal and dominance at 15, 30, 45 y 60 minutes post-induction. Each experiment lasted approximately 90 minutes. The instruments administrated were note of informed consent, 20 Battery of film fragments with ability to induce emotions, Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM), sociodemographic data form, questionnaire of pattern of alcohol and other substances consumption, stress test equipment 12-lead CardioVex. Significant correlations between valence, arousal and dominance in most film clips were obtained. Then, repeated measures ANOVA between the scores were made in the SAM Activation after the emotional induction, significant interaction were found between Time and Type of Induction [F(4,316) = 2.5461, p < .05 ηp² = .031]. According to Fisher post hoc test, there were significant differences between means of the arousal to the last film clip of the series and 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes post-induction (p < .001) in the negative condition, and between the last film and 15, 30, 45 y 60 minutes post-induction (p < .01). Significant difference also was found between 30 minutes arousal to Positive Induction and Negative Induction (p < .01). Finally, in terms of sex differences in emotional experience, women reported more negative valence than men in the film clips of negative valence: The Exorcist [F(40) = 8.576; p < .05] Saving Private Ryan [F(40) = 10.833, p < .01], Misery [F (40) = 4.500; p < .05] and Dead Man Walking [F(40) = 7.121; p < .05]. In addition, women reported greater arousal in the positive film clip There's Something About Mary 2 [F(37) = 6.014; p < .05]. Finally men reported greater dominance in face to negative film clips The Exorcist [F(40) = 8.051; p < .01], Schindler's List 2 [F(40) = 4.963; p < .05], Leaving Las Vegas [F (40) = 5.829; p < .05] and the positive film clip Something About Mary 2 [F(37) = 5.166; p < .05] while women reported greater dominance to the film clip When Harry Met Sally [F(37) = 5.106; p < .05]. Study of discreet emotions and heart rate variability was suggested for more correlations between subjective and objective measures of emotion. Naturally, negative stimuli are more thrilling because they present major intensity and discreteness than positive stimuli. Response to negative stimuli also have a more significant biological importance. Men use more effective emotion regulation strategies than women, whereas, women use negative and non-adaptive emotion regulation strategies. As a conclusion, this study make a contribution to the study of subjective and objective measures of emotion and the features of the emotional experience according to time of the induction and sex of those who experience.